Researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) have made a significant breakthrough in understanding the human brain’s impressive memory storage capabilities. A new study published on May 27, 2025, in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences suggests that astrocytes—star-shaped cells long considered merely supportive—may play a crucial role in memory storage, potentially revolutionising our understanding of cognitive function.
The study highlights that the human brain contains approximately 86 billion neurons, but also billions of astrocytes, which interact with neurons and are critical for various brain functions. Traditionally viewed as helper cells that clean up debris and provide nutrients, recent investigations indicate that astrocytes may have a more active role in memory processes.
Key findings from the MIT study include:
- Astrocytes and Memory: The researchers propose that astrocytes contribute to memory storage by creating a “tripartite synapse,” where they interact with both pre- and postsynaptic neurons. This interaction enhances the brain’s ability to store information beyond what would be achievable with neurons alone.
- New Memory Model: The researchers developed a model based on dense associative memory networks, which allows for greater information storage by leveraging the connections between astrocytes and neurons. This model significantly surpasses traditional neural networks in its capacity to store information.
- Calcium Signaling: Astrocytes communicate using calcium signaling, which enables them to coordinate their activity with neurons. Changes in calcium levels within astrocytes can lead to the release of gliotransmitters, which are crucial for synaptic communication and memory processes.
- Implications for AI: The model proposed by the MIT team could also inform future developments in artificial intelligence by exploring how varying the connectivity of astrocyte networks might enhance computational efficiency.
Dr. Dmitry Krotov and Professor Jean-Jacques Slotine, key authors of the study, emphasise the importance of recognising astrocytes as integral components of memory systems. “If you have a network of neurons, which couple in pairs, there’s only a very small amount of information that you can encode in those networks,” Krotov explained. “Astrocytes can connect to many neurons, enabling a higher density of information storage.”
The findings from this study not only enhance our understanding of the brain’s cognitive functions but also open up new avenues for research in both neuroscience and artificial intelligence. Future experiments are needed to validate whether these models accurately represent memory processes in the human brain, with hopes of further understanding how to improve cognitive function through targeted interventions.
For more detailed information on this groundbreaking research, visit the full article on MIT News here.
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